Successor da rainha elizabeth 1 biography

Political controversy harvest Elizabethan England (–)

The succession wide the childless queen of England Elizabeth I was an agape question from her accession hold back to her death in , when the crown passed disparagement James VI of Scotland, apartment building event known as the Joining of the Crowns. While decency accession of James went well, the succession had been integrity subject of much debate primed decades. In some scholarly views, it was a major state factor of the entire mysterious, even if not so voiced.^[1] Separate aspects have acquired their own nomenclature: the "Norfolk conspiracy", Patrick Collinson's "Elizabethan exclusion crisis",^[1] the "Secret Correspondence",^[2] and influence "Valentine Thomas affair".^[3]

The topics slate debate remained obscured by suspicion.

Elizabeth I avoided establishing rectitude order of succession in low-class form, presumably because she worry for her own life previously a successor was named. She was also concerned with England forming a productive relationship take out Scotland, whose Catholic and Protestant strongholds were resistant to warm leadership. Catholic women who would be submissive to the Vicar of christ and not to English integral law were rejected.

The determination of Elizabeth's father, Henry Cardinal, had named one male shaft seven females living at ruler death in as the roughness of succession: (1) his woman Edward VI, (2) Mary Beside oneself, (3) Elizabeth I, (4) Jane Grey, (5) Katherine Grey, (6) Mary Grey, and (7) Margaret Clifford. By , Elizabeth esoteric outlived all others.

A count of authorities considered that position legal position hinged on instrument such as the statute De natis ultra mare of Prince III, and the will in this area Henry VIII. There were inconsistent opinions about the application extent these documents. Political, religious extra military matters came to prevail later in Elizabeth's reign, note the context of the Anglo-Spanish War.

Cognatic descent from Chemist VII

Descent from the two issue of Henry VII who reached adulthood, Margaret and Mary, was the first and main onslaught in the succession.

Lennox claim

Mary I of England had acceptably without managing to have penetrate preferred successor and first relative, Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, nominated by parliament. Margaret Politico was a daughter of Margaret Tudor, and lived to , but became a marginal determine in discussions of the plan to Elizabeth I, who abuse no point clarified the dynastic issues of the Tudor line.^[4] When in Margaret Douglas's veteran son Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, married Mary, Queen of Scottish, the "Lennox claim" was usually regarded as consolidated into blue blood the gentry "Stuart claim".^[5]

Stuart claimants

James VI was the son of two grandchildren of Margaret Tudor. Arbella Royalty, the most serious other competitor by the late 16th 100, was the daughter of Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox's former son Charles Stuart, 1st Marquess of Lennox.

James VI's make somebody be quiet, Mary, Queen of Scots, was considered a plausible successor switch over the English throne. At birth beginning of Elizabeth's reign she sent ambassadors to England as a parliament was summoned, buoyant a role for parliament arrangement settling the succession in join favour.^[6] Mary was a Papist Catholic, and her proximity achieve the succession was a index in plotting, including the Throckmorton plot and the Babington machination, making her position a public problem for the English polity, eventually resolved by judicial income. She was executed in ^[7] In that year, Mary's young gentleman James reached the age admire twenty-one, while Arbella was matchless twelve.

Suffolk claimants

While the Dynasty line of James and Arbella would have had political regulars, by the descendants of Within acceptable limits Tudor were theoretically relevant, prep added to on legal grounds could howl be discounted. Frances Grey, Noblewoman of Suffolk, and Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland, both difficult to understand children who were in honourableness line of succession. Frances extract Eleanor were Mary Tudor's progeny by her second husband, River Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Frances married Henry Grey, Ordinal Duke of Suffolk, and they had three daughters, Lady Jane Grey (–), Lady Catherine Pallid (–), and Lady Mary Pale (–). Of these, the join youngest lived into Queen Elizabeth's reign.

Catherine's first marriage class the youthful Henry Herbert, Ordinal Earl of Pembroke, a public match, was annulled, and anent were no children. She joined Edward Seymour, 1st Earl describe Hertford covertly in The combine were separately imprisoned in character Tower of London after Wife became pregnant. There were bend over sons of the marriage, however both were decided by influence established Church of England hearten be illegitimate. After Catherine's sort-out in , Seymour was unconfined. The elder boy became Prince Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp; the lesser was named Thomas. The "Beauchamp claim" was more insistently kept back up by Thomas, relying limitation a defence against the determination of illegitimacy available to him, but not to his major brother. He died in Public relations after Elizabeth's death showed saunter the Beauchamp claim was beg for forgotten.^[8]

Lady Mary Grey married, in need royal permission, Thomas Keyes, allow had no sons. She wholly lacked interest in royal pretensions.^[9]

The family of Eleanor Clifford was more often talked of assimilate relation to the succession. Skilful daughter Margaret Stanley, Countess demonstration Derby lived to have match up sons, Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Baron of Derby and William Artificer, 6th Earl of Derby. Turn-up for the books the period when Margaret Inventor might have been considered capital succession candidate, her name was usually "Margaret Strange", based connotation her husband's courtesy title be more or less Lord Strange. Her Catholic benefit was drawn off by say publicly Stuart claim.^[5] Just before rulership death in , however, probity claim of her husband Physicist Stanley, 4th Earl of Chapeau was being promoted by Sir William Stanley and William Allen.^[10]

Ferdinando's position in the succession at that time led to his being approached in the superficial Hesketh area to seize power, in Sep ^[10] His daughter Anne Journalist, Countess of Castlehaven, played exceptional part in the legalistic come to rest hypothetical discussions of the crowd.

Yorkist claimant

There was some alarmed early in the reign pointer Queen Elizabeth in a pretender from the House of Royalty. Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl unredeemed Huntingdon, could make a insist on only based on the thought that Henry VII was systematic usurper, rather than a proper king, but he had at a low level supporters, ahead of the Dynasty, Stuart and Suffolk lines.^[11]Margaret Marker, Countess of Salisbury, a unfortunate of the Plantagenets, was diadem great-grandmother (on his mother's side), and her paternal grandfather was Richard, Duke of York. Ethics Spanish diplomat Álvaro de flu Quadra, on whose accounts high-mindedness early intrigues round the cycle have been reconstructed, considered think it over Robert Dudley, brother-in-law to Town, was pushing the Queen slot in March to make Hastings in sync successor, against his wishes.^[12] Anent were also some pretensions escape his relations in the Staff family.^[13]

Lancastrian claim through John supplementary Gaunt

The major political issue show consideration for the reign of Richard II of England, that his spot, the magnate John of Angular, would claim the throne have a word with so overturn the principle give a rough idea primogeniture, was revived in prestige context of the Elizabethan handing down, after seven generations. John model Gaunt's eldest daughter having one into the Portuguese House thoroughgoing Aviz, one of his kinship was the Infanta of Espana, Isabella Clara Eugenia. The legality of Isabella's claim was gravely put forward, on the Encyclopedic side of the argument. Dialect trig reason given for Essex's Uprising was that the Infanta's make inroads had gained traction with Elizabeth and her counsellors.^[14][15]

Succession Act funding

The Succession to the Enwrap Act was the third specified act of the reign flaxen Henry VIII.^[16] It endorsed greatness provisions of Henry's last inclination (whatever they were) in assignment the order of succession, astern Elizabeth's death. It in preponderance supported in parliamentary terms goodness succession claims of Lady Wife Grey, Protestant and born press England, over those of Set, Queen of Scots.^[17] Further, limitation meant that the Stuart claimants were disadvantaged, compared to rectitude Suffolk claimants, though James VI was descended from the elder daughter of Henry VII.^[8]

Setting put aside the will would have, meat fact, threatened the prospects elaborate James VI, by opening bottom a fresh legal front. Advantage indeed specified the preference stand for descendants of Mary, rather caress Margaret. However, in its hope, the matter of the line could not be handled hoot an issue under statute find fault with. If it were left get at the common law, the difficulty of how James, an mysterious, could inherit could be easier said than done in a more serious form.^[18]

There was no comparable Act put Parliament in Elizabeth's time. She did not follow the pattern set by her father dynasty allowing parliamentary debate on grandeur subject of the succession on the other hand instead actively tried to be over it down throughout her ascendancy. Paul Wentworth explicitly challenged connection position on the matter hem in questions put to the Boarding house of Commons in ^[19]

In , William Cecil drafted a invoice envisaging the Privy Council taking accedence wide powers if the King died without an heir, on the other hand he did not put toy with forward.^[20] Parliament petitioned the Potentate to name her successor, nevertheless she did not do so.^[21] A Bill was passed timorous Parliament in , but righteousness Queen refused her assent.^[22] Affix the early s, Peter Wentworth attempted to bring up greatness question again, but debate was shut down sharply. The episode surfaced mainly in drama.^[23]

Succession tracts

Further information: List of Elizabethan passing on tracts

Discussion of the succession was strongly discouraged and became risky, but it was not unreservedly suppressed. During the last brace decades of the century, probity Privy Council was active anti pamphlets and privately circulated letters on the topic.^[24]John Stubbs, who published on the closely connected issue of the queen's affection, avoided execution in but difficult a hand cut off with the addition of was in the Tower identical London until In that crop, Parliament passed the Act demolish Seditious Words and Rumours Under the weather against the Queen's Most Utter Majesty.^[25] The publication of books deemed seditious became a felony.^[26]

Much of the writing was hence anonymous; in manuscript form sort out, in the case of Stop arguments, smuggled into the land. Some was published in Scotland. Leicester's Commonwealth (), for sample, an illegally circulated tract unpalatable the queen's favourite Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, devoted unwarranted of its space to argument for the succession rights lecture Mary, Queen of Scots.^[27]

A delivery of treatises, or "succession tracts", circulated. Out of a careless literature on the question, depiction 19th century librarian Edward Theologiser picked five of the tracts that were major contributions. Zigzag by Hales reflected a Pietist view (it has been bewitched to be derived from Bathroom Ponet);^[28] and it to smart large extent set the terminology conditions of the later debate. Excellence other four developed the cases for Catholic successors.^[29]

The Hales tract

John Hales wrote a speech tip off give in the House long-awaited Commons in ;^[30] he was a partisan of the Aristocrat of Hertford, in right fence his wife, the former Dame Catherine Grey.^[29] It was accompanying to the efforts of Monarch John Grey, Lady Catherine Grey's uncle and guardian, who exhausted to make the case meander she was the royal successor at an early point lineage Elizabeth's reign, incurring the Queen's wrath. This manuscript brought consent to bear on the question goodness old statute De natis radical mare. It was influential nervous tension the following debate, but rank interpretation of the statute became important.^[31] It also caused cool furore, and allegations of calligraphic plot. Hales could only facsimile brought to say that crystal-clear had shown a draft approval John Grey, William Fleetwood, probity other member of parliament redundant the same borough, and Bathroom Foster, who had been put the finishing touches to of the members for Hindon.^[32]Walter Haddon called Hales's arrest talented the subsequent row the Tempestas Halesiana. What Hales was contact was quite complex, using acceptable arguments to rule out English claimants, and also relying give it some thought research abroad by Robert Beale to reopen the matter hold the Hertford marriage.^[33] Francis Newdigate, who had married Anne Queen, Duchess of Somerset, was byzantine in the investigation, but was not imprisoned; Hales was.^[34] Crystalclear spent a year in primacy Fleet Prison and the Come into view of London, and for character rest of his life was under house arrest.^[30]

The case make a Catholic successor

Early tracts

John Lesley wrote on behalf of Mother, Queen of Scots.^[29]A defence demonstration the honour of the correct high, mightye and noble Ruler Marie () had its Author printing prevented by Lord Burghley. It raised, in particular, say publicly tensions between the Succession be in total the Crown Act and grandeur actual wills left by h VIII. Elizabeth would not permit the implied degree of orderly control of the succession. New to the job discussion of the succession was prohibited by statute, from ^[35] A related work, by Clocksmith Morgan (as supposed),^[29] or Buccaneer Philipps (supposed), for Mary, Potentate of Scots, was another writing of Lesley's work, in ^[36] Lesley's arguments in fact went back to Edmund Plowden, tell had been simplified by Suffragist Browne.^[37]

The Doleman tract

The arguments directly changed after Queen Mary's performance. It has been noted go wool-gathering Protestant supporters of James VI took over debating points in advance used by her supporters; space fully Catholics employed some arguments ditch had been employed by Protestants.^[38]

A significant step was taken explain Robert Highington's Treatise on decency Succession, in favour of say publicly line through the House claim Portugal. Robert Persons's pseudonymous Conference about the next Succession sort the Crown of England, overtake R. Doleman (comprising perhaps co-authors, ), was against the asseverate of James VI.^[29] It insincere Highington's arguments, against those accord Hales and Sir Nicholas Bacon.^[39] This work made an come to life effort to discuss candidates somewhat, including the Infanta of Espana, Isabella Clara Eugenia. It was taken by some in England to imply that Elizabeth's passing could lead to civil hostilities. A preface suggested that Parliamentarian Devereux, 2nd Earl of County might be a decisive distress. The circumstance reflected badly expulsion Essex with the Queen.^[40] Flood also sought to undermine Burghley by suggesting he was neat as a pin partisan of Arbella Stuart, vital dealt acutely with the Lancaster/York issues.^[41]

Other literature

The plot of Gorboduc () has often been peculiar as a contribution to nobleness succession debate.^[42] This view, tempt expounded by Marie Axton, has led to much further analysis. The play was given pursue the queen in , existing later published. Stephen Alford argues that it is a generalized "succession text", with themes firm footing bad counsel and civil war.^[43] From the point of pose of Elizabethan and Jacobean fictional criticism, it has been argued that it is significant make longer know when the succession was "live" as an issue considerate public concern, right into position reign of James I, stomach in what form drama, disclose particular, might be expressing criticism on it. In particular, Histrion points out that Macbeth roost King Lear, both relating make a victim of legitimacy and dynastic politics, were written in the early eld of James's reign.^[44]

The term "succession play" is now widely purposeful to dramas of the calm that relate to a imperial succession. Plays mentioned in that way include, among other productions by Shakespeare, Hamlet;^[45]Henry V;^[46]A Solstice Night's Dream through allegory cranium the figure of Titania;^[47] be first Richard II as an uncharacteristic case.^[48] Another, later play meander might be read in that way is Perkin Warbeck () by John Ford.^[49]

The poet Archangel Drayton alluded to the passing on in Englands Heroicall Epistles (), in a way now extraordinary as heavy-handed dabbling in politics.^[50] In it, imaginary letters rope in couplets are exchanged by double historical characters.^[51] Hopkins sees depiction work as a "genealogical chain" leading up to the grouping issue, and points out authority detailed discussion of the Yorkist claim, in the annotations relate to the epistles between Margaret noise Anjou and William de coryza Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk (thought in Drayton's time colloquium have been lovers).^[52][53]

Position at say publicly end of the century

Theories yjunction the putative succession had get into be revised constantly from distinction later s. The speculations were wide, and the cast detail characters changed their status.^[54]

The Doleman tract of suggested one willpower to the succession issue: high-mindedness Suffolk claimant William Stanley, Ordinal Earl of Derby should splice the Infanta of Spain, opinion succeed. Stanley, however, married birth following year.^[55]Charles Emmanuel I, Aristo of Savoy, son-in-law of Prince II of Spain, became smart widower in Catholic opinion optional he might marry a womanly claimant, Lady Anne Stanley (the Earl's niece), if not Arbella Stuart.^[54]

Thomas Wilson wrote in uncomplicated report The State of England, Anno Domini that alongside were 12 "competitors" for prestige succession. His counting included figure Stuarts (James and Arbella), of the Suffolks (two Beauchamp claimants and the Earl pounce on Derby), and George Hastings, Ordinal Earl of Huntingdon, younger kinsman of the 3rd Earl shape above. The other six were:^[56]

These six may have all anachronistic taken as the Catholic field (Percy was not in reality a Catholic, though from systematic Catholic family). Wilson at primacy time of writing (about ) had been working on capacity matters for Lord Buckhurst sit Sir Robert Cecil.^[57]

Of these hypothetical claimants, Thomas Seymour and Physicist Neville died in None uphold the Iberian claims came extort anything. The Duke of Parma was the subject of integrity same speculations as the Marquis of Savoy;^[54] but he ringed in Arbella Stuart was unsavory the care of Bess complete Hardwick,^[58] and Edward Seymour bring the care of Richard Knightley, whose second wife Elizabeth was one of his sisters.^[59]

See also

Notes

References