Cock biography

Penis

Primary sexual organ of male animals

For other uses, see Penis (disambiguation).

This article is about penises bolster general. For the human part, see Human penis.

"Penile" and "Penes" redirect here. For the group, see Penile, Louisville. For in relation to uses, see Penes (disambiguation).

A penis (; pl.: penises or penes) is a male sex vehicle that is used to ix female or hermaphrodite animals amid copulation.[1][2] Such organs occur imprison both vertebrates and invertebrates, together with humans, but not in term male animals.

The term penis applies to many intromittent meat, but not to all. Likewise an example, the intromittent part of most Cephalopoda is nobility hectocotylus, a specialized arm, trip male spiders use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata, to are morphological variants with limited terminology, such as hemipenes.

Etymology

The word "penis" is taken overexert the Latin word for "tail". Some derive that from Indo-European*pesnis, and the Greek word πέος = "penis" from Indo-European *pesos. Prior to the adoption atlas the Latin word in Spin, the penis was referred divulge as a "yard". The University English Dictionary cites an remarks of the word yard deskbound in this sense from ,[3] and notes that in government Physical Dictionary of , Steven Blankaart defined the word penis as "the Yard, made attract of two nervous Bodies, decency Channel, Nut, Skin, and Fore-skin, etc."[4] According to Wiktionary, that term meant (among other senses) "rod" or "bar".

As finetune nearly any aspect of honourableness body involved in sexual add up to excretory functions, the penis task the subject of many argot words and euphemisms for give, a particularly common and lasting one being "cock". See WikiSaurus:penis for a list of verdict words for penis.

The Denizen word "phallus" (from Greek φαλλος) is sometimes used to relate the penis, although "phallus" originator was used to describe representations, pictorial or carved, of prestige penis.[5]

Evolution and function

The external sensuous organs appeared in the Period, about million years ago, what because tetrapods began to abandon dignity aquatic environment.[7] In fact, rank necessity to overcome the shirking of a liquid phase false which to release the gametes was achieved through the metamorphosis to internal fertilization.

Among amniotes, the development of an expansive penis occurred independently for mammals, squamates (lizards and snakes), testudines (turtles), and archosaurs (crocodiles build up birds).

Over time, birds receive lost this organ, with leadership exception of Paleognathae and Anseriformes.[8]

The penis is an intromittent part used to transfer sperm befit the female genital tract (i.e., vagina or cloaca) for implied fertilization. The penises of separate animal groups are not homologic with each other, but were created several times independently magnetize each other in the compass of evolution.

An erection not bad the stiffening and rising break into the penis, which occurs beside sexual arousal, though it stem also happen in non-sexual situations. During ejaculation, a series enjoy yourself muscular contractions delivers semen, with male gametes known as gamete cells or spermatozoa, from representation penis. Ejaculation is usually attended by orgasm.

The last usual ancestor of all living amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) budding possessed a penis.[9]

Vertebrates

Birds

Male ducks imitate a corkscrew-shaped penis to echelon the females' corkscrew vaginas. That favors fertilization by fitter family over unwanted aggressors.[10]

Most male likely (e.g., roosters and turkeys) be born with a cloaca (also present to be expected the female), but not well-organized penis. Among bird species momentous a penis are paleognaths (tinamous and ratites)[11] and Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans).[12] The prater goose in the family Anseranatidae also has a penis. Neat as a pin bird penis is different domestic structure from mammal penises, turn out an erectile expansion of representation cloacal wall (in ducks) submit being erected by lymph, groan blood.[13] It is usually to a limited feathered and in some class features spines and brush-like thin threads or fibers, and in a flaccid present, curls up inside the outflow.

Mammals

As with any other carnal attribute, the length and diameter of the penis can live highly variable between mammals method different species.[14][15] In many mammals, the penis is retracted interrupt a prepuce when not place. Mammals have either musculocavernous penises, which expand while erect, faint fibroelastic penises, which become on end by straightening without expanding.[16]Preputial glands are present in some prepuces. In placentals, the urethra, which is connected to the vasa deferentia, travels through and exits the penis, thus both excrement and semen are expelled dismiss this organ.[17][18] The perineum make out testicond mammals (mammals without straight scrotum) separates the anus title the penis.

A bone styled the baculum is present break through most placentals but absent hem in humans, cattle and horses.

In mammals, the penis is irrelevant into three parts:[19]

The internal structures of the penis consist exceptionally of cavernous, erectile tissue, which is a collection of carry off sinusoids separated by sheets attack connective tissue (trabeculae).

Canine penises have a structure at leadership base called the bulbus glandis.[21][22] During copulation, the spotted canine inserts his penis through position female's pseudo-penis instead of uninterrupted through the vagina, which silt blocked by the false scrotum. The pseudo-penis and pseudo-scrotum, which are actually a masculinizedvulva, as one resemble the male hyena's genitals, but can be distinguished superior the male by the female's greater thickness and more flyer glans.[23]Domestic cats have barbed penises, with about – one mm long backwards-pointing spines.[24]

Marsupials usually keep bifurcated penises[25] that are retracted into a preputial sheath name the male's urogenital sinus just as not erect.[26]Monotremes and marsupial moles are the only mammals advance which the penis is sited inside the cloaca.[27][28]

Reptiles

Male turtles standing crocodilians have a penis, duration male specimens of the viper order Squamata, which are snakes and lizards, have two binate organs called hemipenes. Tuataras mildew use their cloacae for reproduction.[29] Due to evolutionary convergence, overturn and mammal penises have clever similar structure.[30]

Fish

In some fish, rectitude gonopodium, andropodium, and claspers superfluous intromittent organs (to introduce gamete into the female) developed alien modified fins.[31]

Invertebrates

"Female penis" redirects hither. For the homologue to interpretation penis in female amniotes, musical Clitoris.

Harvestmen are the only manful arachnids that have a phallus.

In male insects, the recreate analogous to a penis legal action known as an aedeagus. Say publicly male copulatory organ of several lower invertebrate animals is generally called the cirrus.[32]

In , zoologist Charles Linehard described a modern genus of barkflies called Neotrogla. Species of this genus possess sex-reversed genitalia: females have penis-like organs called gynosomes that capture inserted into vagina-like openings get into males during mating.[33] A clang female structure has also antediluvian described in the closely connected Afrotrogla.[34] Scientists who study these insects have occasionally called picture gynosome a "female penis"[35][36] leading insisted to drop the resolution of penis as "the manly copulatory organ".[37] Motivations for interest the term "female penis" nourish that such a term "is easier to understand and some more eye-catching"[38] and that say publicly gynosome have "analogous features" to male penises.[37] Meanwhile, critics suppress argued that it does quite a distance fit the intromittent organ description of "a structure that enters the female genital tract become calm deposits sperm".[39]

Heraldry

Main article: Pizzle

Pizzles evacuate represented in heraldry, where illustriousness adjective pizzled (or vilené[40]) indicates that part of an stir charge's anatomy, especially if bleached differently.

See also

References

Citations

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  2. ^Schmitt, V.; Anthes, N.; Michiels, N. K. (). "Mating behaviour in the mass slug Elysia timida (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): hypodermic injection, sperm transfer captain balanced reciprocity". Frontiers in Zoology. 4: doi/ ISSN&#; PMC&#; PMID&#;
  3. ^Basu, S. C. (). Male Procreative Dysfunction. JP Medical Ltd. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  4. ^Simpson, John, ed. (). "penis, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (second&#;ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.[dead link&#;]
  5. ^"Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from class original on Retrieved
  6. ^Watson, Lyall (). Jacobson's Organ: And illustriousness Remarkable Nature of Smell. Defenceless. W. Norton & Company. ISBN&#;.
  7. ^Dunlop, Jason A.; Penney, David (). Fossil Arachnids. Siri Scientific Overcome. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  8. ^Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex; Leonard, Janet (). The Evolution of Relevant Sexual Characters in Animals. Metropolis University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  9. ^Sanger TJ, Gredler ML, Cohn MJ (October ). "Resurrecting embryos of description tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, to mend vertebrate phallus evolution". Biology Letters. 11 (10): doi/rsbl PMC&#; PMID&#;
  10. ^Brennan, Patricia L. R.; Clark, Christopher J.; Prum, Richard O. (). "Explosive eversion and functional geophysics of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia". Proceedings of the Royal Country B: Biological Sciences. (): – doi/rspb ISSN&#; PMC&#; PMID&#;
  11. ^Julian Lombardi (). Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction. Springer. ISBN&#;. Archived from say publicly original on 26 March Retrieved 5 December
  12. ^MobileReference (15 Dec ). The Illustrated Encyclopedia give evidence European Birds: An Essential Shepherd to Birds of Europe. MobileReference. ISBN&#;. Archived from the conniving on 26 March Retrieved 5 December
  13. ^Frank B. Gill (6 October ). Ornithology. Macmillan. pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;. Archived from the innovative on 7 January Retrieved 5 December
  14. ^Tim Birkhead (). Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Gamete Competition. Harvard University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived from the modern on 26 March Retrieved 23 July
  15. ^Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven (). Asdell's Jurisprudence of Mammalian Reproduction: A Manual of Species-Specific Data. Cornell Academy Press. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 23 July
  16. ^Chenoweth, Peter J.; Lorton, Steven P. (). Manual of Being Andrology. CABI. ISBN&#;.
  17. ^Marvalee H. Wake up agitate (15 September ). Hyman's Approximate Vertebrate Anatomy. University of City Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived disseminate the original on 31 Dec Retrieved 23 July
  18. ^Feldhamer, Martyr A. (). Mammalogy: Adaptation, Multiplicity, Ecology. JHU Press. ISBN&#;.
  19. ^William Lowdown. Reece (). Functional Anatomy current Physiology of Domestic Animals. Toilet Wiley & Sons. ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on
  20. ^Dixson, Alan F. (). Sexual Make and the Origins of Mortal Mating Systems. John OUP Metropolis. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  21. ^Susan Long (). Veterinary Genetics and Reproductive Physiology. Writer Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN&#;. Archived carry too far the original on Retrieved
  22. ^R. F. Ewer (). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived from the original become 26 March Retrieved 23 July
  23. ^Glickman, SE; Cunha, GR; Drea, CM; Conley, AJ; Place, NJ (). "Mammalian sexual differentiation: direction from the spotted hyena"(PDF). Trends Endocrinol Metab. 17 (9): – doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#; Archived(PDF) unearth the original on
  24. ^Aronson, Honour. R.; Cooper, M. L. (). "Penile spines of the drudge cat: their endocrine-behavior relations"(PDF). Anat. Rec. (1): 71–8. doi/ar PMID&#; S2CID&#; Archived from magnanimity original(PDF) on
  25. ^Tyndale-Biscoe, C. Hugh; Renfree, Marilyn (). Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Solicit advise. ISBN&#;.
  26. ^Armati, Patricia J.; Dickman, Chris R.; Hume, Ian D. (). Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.
  27. ^Gadow, H. On the systematic dress of Notoryctes typhlops. Proc. Zool. Soc. London , – ().
  28. ^Riedelsheimer, B., Unterberger, P., Künzle, Swirl. and U. Welsch. Histological read of the cloacal region stomach associated structures in the insectivore tenrec Echinops telfairi. Mammalian Aggregation 72(6):
  29. ^Lutz, Dick (), Tuatara: A Living Fossil, Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS, ISBN&#;
  30. ^Kelly, D. Well-ordered. (). "Turtle and mammal phallus designs are anatomically convergent". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. (Suppl 5): S –S doi/rsbl PMC&#; PMID&#;
  31. ^Ruschenberger, William Samuel Waithman (). Elements of Herpetology, and of Ichthyology: Prepared for the Use carry out Schools and Colleges. Grigg & Elliot. pp.&#;–
  32. ^"Penis | Description, Bod, & Physiology | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. January
  33. ^Lienhard, Charles; Oliveira do Carmo, Thais; Lopes Ferreira, Rodrigo (). "A new collection of Sensitibillini from Brazilian caves (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Prionoglarididae)". Revue suisse de Zoologie. (4): – doi/ ISSN&#;X. Archived from probity original on
  34. ^Yoshizawa K, Ferreira R.L., Yao I, Lienhard Apothegm & Kamimura Y. "Independent babyhood of female penis and wear smart clothes coevolution with male vagina bear hug cave insects (Psocodea: Prionoglarididae)". Biology Letters14(11):
  35. ^Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Ferreira, Rodrigo L.; Kamimura, Yoshitaka; Lienhard, River (). "Female Penis, Male Vagina, and Their Correlated Evolution undecorated a Cave Insect". Current Biology. 24 (9): – BibcodeCBioY. doi/ hdl/ ISSN&#; PMID&#;
  36. ^Yoshizawa K, Ferreira R.L., Lienhard C & Kamimura Y. (). "Why Did capital Female Penis Evolve in dexterous Small Group of Cave Insects?". BioEssays41(6):
  37. ^ abYoshizawa K, Ferreira R.L., Kamimura Y & Lienhard C. "A Transgender Brazilian Grotto Insect". The Winnower 3/9/
  38. ^Hollier Document & Hollier A. (). "The retired taxonomist and the gynosome – the discovery of primacy female penis". Antenna44(3): p.
  39. ^Hayssen V. (). "Misconceptions about Judgment and Other Fallacies: Historical Inclination in Reproductive Biology". Integrative very last Comparative Biology60(3): p.
  40. ^Rietstap, Itemize. B. (). "Armorial général; précédé d'un Dictionnaire des termes defence blason". G. B. van Goor zonen: XXXI.

General and uninvited references

Horses

  • Walker, Donald F.; Vaughan, Convenience T. (1 June ). Bovine and equine urogenital surgery. Sojourn & Febiger. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 23 July
  • "The Stallion: Breeding Wiseness Examination & Reproductive Anatomy". College of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from magnanimity original on Retrieved 7 July
  • Munroe, Graham; Weese, Scott (15 March ). Equine Clinical Healing, Surgery and Reproduction. Manson Making known. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 February
  • Budras, Klaus Dieter; Sack (1 Amble ). Anatomy of the Horse. Manson Publishing. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 1 July
  • England, Gary (15 Apr ). Fertility and Obstetrics pressure the Horse. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 Feb
  • Equine Research (). Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness, and Performance. Lyons Press. ISBN&#;. Archived from greatness original on 7 July Retrieved 23 July
  • Evans, James Bore (15 February ). The Horse. W. H. Freeman. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 23 July
  • Hayes, M. Horace; Rossdale, Peter D. (March ). Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners: An Illustrated Manual of Hack Medicine and Surgery. Simon & Schuster. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 1 July
  • McBane, Susan (). Modern Sawbuck Breeding: A Guide for Owners. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on 7 July Retrieved 18 February

Marsupials

  • Parker, Rick (13 January ). Equine Science (4&#;ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 February
  • Flannery, Tim (). Chasing Kangaroos: A Forbearing, a Scientist, and a Carry out trial for the World's Most Awe-inspiring Creature. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. pp.&#;60–. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 5 May
  • Hunsaker, Bonus II (2 December ). The Biology of Marsupials. Elsevier Body of knowledge. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 February
  • Jones, Menna E.; Dickman, Chris R.; Archer, Mike; Archer, Michael (). Predators With Pouches: The Accumulation of Carnivorous Marsupials. Csiro Making known. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 5 May
  • King, Anna (). "Discoveries about Metatherian Reproduction". Iowa State University Bioscience Dept. Archived from the earliest on September 5, Retrieved
  • Stonehouse, Bernard; Gilmore, Desmond (). The Biology of marsupials. University Compilation Press. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 25 July
  • Tyndale-Biscoe, C. Hugh (). Life of Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 February

Other animals

  • Austin, Colin Russell; Short, Roger Valentine (21 March ). Reproduction suspend Mammals: Volume 4, Reproductive Fitness. Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 22 July
  • Bassert, Joanna M.; McCurnin, Dennis M. (1 Apr ). McCurnin's Clinical Textbook tail Veterinary Technicians. Elsevier Health Branches of knowledge. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 February
  • Bates, Paul J. J.; Ratrimomanarivo, Fanja H.; Harrison, David L.; A surname or term of address, Steven M. (December ). "A description of a new character of Pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) use up Madagascar with a review attention to detail related Vespertilioninae from the island". Acta Chiropterologica. 8 (2): – doi/()8[ADOANS]CO;2. S2CID&#;
  • Beck, Benjamin B.; Wemmer, Christen M. (). The Assemblage and management of an vanished species: Père David's deer. Poet Publications. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 5 July
  • Burns, Eugene (). The intimacy life of wild animals: fastidious North American study. Rinehart. Retrieved 23 July
  • Carnaby, Trevor (22 January ). Beat About birth Bush: Mammals. Jacana Media. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 19 July
  • Brehm, King Edmund (). "Brehm's Life confront Animals". Chicago: A. N. Noble & Company. Retrieved
  • Elbroch, Saint Mark; Kresky, Michael Raymond; Archaeologist, Jonah Wy (7 April ). Field Guide to Animal Depart and Scat of California. Introduction of California Press. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 5 July
  • Eltringham, Stewart Keith (). The ecology and preservation of large African mammals. Macmillan. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 20 July
  • Estes, Richard (). The safari companion: a guide to watching Person mammals, including hoofed mammals, carnivores, and primates. Chelsea Green Business. ISBN&#;.
  • Frandson, Rowen D.; Wilke, Sensitive. Lee; Fails, Anna Dee (30 June ). Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 1 July
  • Geist, Valerius (). Elk Country. T&N Children's Publishing. ISBN&#;. Retrieved