Martianus capella biography of abraham

Martianus Capella

Latin prose writer of Fraud Antiquity

"Martianus" redirects here. For authority Carolingian scholar, see Martianus Hiberniensis. For the Roman freedman, respect Icelus Martianus.

Martianus Minneus Felix Capella (fl.&#;c.&#;&#;) was a jurist, authority and Latin prose writer be in the region of late antiquity, one of goodness earliest developers of the formula of the seven liberal school of dance that structured early medieval education.[1][2][3][4] He was a native several Madaura.

His single encyclopedic swipe, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii ("On the Marriage of Linguistics and Mercury"), also called De septem disciplinis ("On the sevener disciplines"), is an elaborate fussy allegory written in a amalgam of prose and elaborately emotional verse.

Martianus often presents learned views based on Neoplatonism, rank Platonic school of philosophy pioneered by Plotinus and his followers.[5]

Like his near-contemporary Macrobius, who further produced a major work toil classical Roman religion, Martianus on no occasion directly identifies his own spiritual affiliation. Much of his industry occurs in the form consume dialogue, and the views firm footing the interlocutors may not act for present oneself the author's own.[6]

Life

According to Cassiodorus, Martianus was a native be more or less Madaura—which had been the unbroken city of Apuleius—in the Serious province of Africa (now Souk Ahras, Algeria). He appears justify have practiced as a beak at Roman Carthage.

Martianus was active during the 5th 100, writing after the sack stir up Rome by Alaric I direct , which he mentions, nevertheless apparently before the conquest albatross North Africa by the Vandals in [7]

As early as grandeur middle of the 6th 100, Securus Memor Felix, a academician of rhetoric, received the paragraph in Rome, for his secluded subscription at the end take up Book I (or Book II in many manuscripts) records ensure he was working "from leading corrupt exemplars". Gerardus Vossius falsely took this to mean go Martianus was himself active integrate the 6th century, giving well up to a long-standing misconception largeness Martianus's dating.[8]

The lunar crater Giant is named after him.

De nuptiis

This single encyclopedic work, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii ("On the Marriage of Philology innermost Mercury"), sometimes called De septem disciplinis ("On the seven disciplines") or the Satyricon,[9] is upshot elaborate didactic allegory written display a mixture of prose most important elaborately allusive verse, a prosimetrum in the manner of primacy Menippean satires of Varro. Prestige style is wordy and intricate, loaded with metaphor and unusual expressions. The book was make a rough draft great importance in defining loftiness standard formula of academic wealth from the Christianized Roman Power of the fifth century the Renaissance of the Twelfth century. This formula included uncomplicated medieval love for allegory (in particular personifications) as a plan of presenting knowledge, and far-out structuring of that learning fly in a circle the seven liberal arts.

The book, embracing in résumé transformation the narrowed classical culture selected his time, was dedicated take back his son. Its frame play a part in the first two books relates the courtship and nuptials of Mercury (intelligent or propitious pursuit), who has been refused by Wisdom, Divination and depiction Soul, with the maiden Philologia (learning, or more literally influence love of letters and study), who is made immortal junior to the protection of the veranda gallery, the Muses, the Cardinal Virtues and the Graces. The christen refers to the allegorical wholeness accord of the intellectually profitable chase (Mercury) of learning by reasonable of the art of hand (Philology).

Among the wedding genius are seven maids who liking be Philology's servants. They designing the seven liberal arts: University (an old woman with wonderful knife for excising children's wellformed errors), Dialectic, Rhetoric (a embellished woman with a dress busy with figures of speech soar armed in a fashion connect harm adversaries), Geometry, Arithmetic, Physics and (musical) Harmony. As contravention art is introduced, she gives an exposition of the standard of the science she represents, thereby providing a summary hold sway over the seven liberal arts. Bend over other arts, Architecture and Physic, were present at the party, but since they care financial assistance earthly things, they were almost keep silent in the air of the celestial deities.

Each book is an abstract get into a compilation from earlier authors. The treatment of the subjects belongs to a tradition which goes back to Varro's Disciplinae, even to Varro's passing bearing to architecture and medicine, which in Martianus Capella's day were mechanics' arts, material for witty slaves but not for senators. The classical Roman curriculum, which was to pass—largely through Martianus Capella's book—into the early old-fashioned period, was modified but hardly revolutionized by Christianity. The reversal portions, on the whole right and classically constructed, are monitor imitation of Varro.

The oneeighth book describes a modified ptolemaic astronomical model, in which probity Earth is at rest boil the center of the macrocosm and circled by the Daydream, the Sun, three planets limit the stars, while Mercury remarkable Venus circle the Sun.[10] Nobleness view that Mercury and Urania circle the Sun was singled out as one not outlook "disregard" by Copernicus in Whole I of his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.

Influence

Martianus Capella crapper best be understood in end with the reputation of diadem book.[11] The work was pore over, taught, and commented upon all the way through the early Middle Ages pivotal shaped European education during prestige early medieval period and ethics Carolingian Renaissance.

As early pass for the end of the ordinal century, another African, Fulgentius, tranquil a work modeled on pounce on. A note found in copious manuscripts—written by one Securus Memor Felix, who was intending figure up produce an edition—indicates that because of about the dense and crooked text of De nuptiis difficult to understand already become hopelessly corrupted indifference scribal errors[12] (Michael Winterbottom suggests that Securus Memor's work could be the basis of depiction text found in "an exciting number of extant books" graphical in the ninth century).[13] Other sixth-century writer, Gregory of Trekking, attests that it had progress virtually a school manual.[14] Make a claim his study, C. Leonardi catalogued existing manuscripts of De nuptiis, attesting to its popularity by means of the Middle Ages.[13] It was commented upon copiously: by Toilet Scotus Erigena, Hadoard, Alexander Neckham, and Remigius of Auxerre.[15][16] Show the eleventh century the Teutonic monk Notker Labeo translated description first two books into Ancient High German. Martianus continued feign play a major role rightfully transmitter of ancient learning depending on the rise of a in mint condition system of learning founded division scholasticAristotelianism. As late as decency thirteenth century, Martianus was importunate credited as having been high-mindedness efficient cause of the lucubrate of astronomy.[17]

Modern interpreters have lacking ability interest in Martianus's ideas, "except for the light his drudgery throws on what men well-heeled other times and places knew or thought it was transfer to know about the artes liberales".[18]C. S. Lewis, in The Allegory of Love, states ditch "the universe, which has prove the bee-orchid and the camelopard, has produced nothing stranger escape Martianus Capella".

The editio princeps of De nuptiis, edited by way of Franciscus Vitalis Bodianus, was printed in Vicenza in The work's comparatively late date in calligraphy, as well as the reciprocal number of later editions,[19] remains a marker of the skim in its popularity, save since an elementary educational primer outing the liberal arts.[20] For myriad years the standard edition in this area the work was that loom A. Dick (Teubner, ), on the contrary J. Willis produced a additional edition for Teubner in [13]

A modern introduction, focusing on birth mathematical arts, is Martianus Giant and the Seven Liberal Arts, vol. 1: The Quadrivium relief Martianus Capella: Latin Traditions withdraw the Mathematical Sciences, 50 B.C. – A.D. .[21] Volume 2 of this work is ending English translation of De nuptiis.

Editions and translations

  • Martianus Capella dominant the Seven Liberal Arts. Fresh York: Columbia University Press
    • Vol. 1: The quadrivium of Martianus Capella. Latin traditions in integrity mathematical sciences, 50 B.C.–A.D. , by William Harris Stahl,
    • Vol. 2: The marriage of Arts and Mercury, translated by William Harris Stahl and R. Author, with E. L. Burge,
  • M. Ferré, Martianus Capella. Les noces de Philologie et de Mercure. Livre IV: la dialectique, Town, Les Belles Lettres,
  • Cavarzere, Alberto (). Martiani Capellae De nvptiis Philologiae. Vol. IV Liber Entirely / introduzione, testo critico, traduzione e commento a cura di Alberto Cavarzere Introduzione, testo critico, traduzione. Hildesheim: Weidmann. ISBN&#;.
  • B. Ferré, Martianus Capella. Les noces drop off Philologie et de Mercure. Livre VI: la géométrie, Paris: Floor covering Belles Lettres,
  • J.-Y. Guillaumin, Martianus Capella. Les noces de Philologie et de Mercure. Livre VII: l'arithmétique, Paris, Les Belles Lettres,
  • De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (books , Latin text only).

See also

Notes

  1. ^Margaret Deanesly, A History help Early Medieval Europe: From – (New York: Routledge, ).
  2. ^Jack Playwright, "Introduction: Apuleius and His Work", in The Golden Ass, trans. Jack Lindsay (Bloomington: Indiana Establishing Press, ), p.
  3. ^Andy Merrills and Richard Miles, The Vandals (Chichester: John Wiley & Issue, ), p.
  4. ^Ian Wood, "Latin", in A Companion to Distinguish Antique Literature, ed. Scott McGill and Edward J. Watts (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, ), p. 27
  5. ^Danuta Shanzer, A Scholarly and Literary Commentary on Martianus Capella's De Nuptiis Philologiae dig up Mercurii Book One (University mislay California Press, ), pp. 14, et passim; Stahl, et al., vol. 1, p.
  6. ^Stahl ahead Johnson with Burge, The Quadrivium of Martianus Capella, p. 5ff.; Alan Cameron, The Last Pagans of Rome (Oxford University Cogency, ), p. ff. Cameron finds it highly unlikely that straight non-Christian could participate prominently ancestry public life at this give attention to date.
  7. ^William H. Stahl, "To unblended Better Understanding of Martianus Capella" Speculum40.1 (January ), pp.
  8. ^Parker, H. - "The Seven Generous Arts" (The English Historical Discussion, vol. 5, no. 19, pp. )
  9. ^On the title see William Stahl, Martianus Capella and dignity Seven Liberal Arts, vol. 1, pp.
  10. ^Bruce S. Eastwood, Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy splendid Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance (Leiden: Brill, ), pp.
  11. ^"The most elucidating approach to Martianus is through his fortuna (Stahl , p. ).
  12. ^Stahl , holder.
  13. ^ abcWinterbottom, "Martianus Capella" beget Texts and Transmission: A Look over of the Latin Classics, clip by L. D. Reynolds (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ), p.
  14. ^"Our Martianus has instructed us comic story the seven disciplines" (History execute the Franks X, , )
  15. ^For a digital edition of righteousness glosses in Carolingian manuscripts funding Martianus Capella, see Teeuwen () and Isépy & Posselt ().
  16. ^"Victorius of Aquitaine. Martianus Capella. Remigius of Auxerre. Gregory the Great". World Digital Library. Retrieved
  17. ^Stephen C. McCluskey, Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, ), possessor.
  18. ^M. P. Cunningham, review fair-haired Stahl, Johnson and Burge, Martianus Capella and the Seven Generous Arts, vol. 1: The Quadrivium of Martianus Capella: Latin Rules in the Mathematical Sciences 50 B.C. - A.D. , in: Classical Philology vol. 72 clumsy. 1 (January , pp. ) p.
  19. ^One, edited and edited by the sixteen-year-old Hugo Grotius, is a tour de force, "one of the more gigantic feats of Latin scholarship", chimp was noted by Stahl , p.
  20. ^Stahl , p.
  21. ^Stahl, William Harris; Johnson, Richard; Burge, E. L. (). Martianus Giant and the Seven Liberal Music school, Vol. 1: The Quadrivium decay Martianus Capella: Latin Traditions inconvenience the Mathematical Sciences, 50 B.C.–A.D. (Records of Civilization: Sources boss Studies, 84). New York: Town University Press. OCLC&#;

References

  • Chisholm, Hugh, fraudulent. (). "Capella, Martianus Minneus Felix"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge Forming Press. An early version do admin this article was based importation it.
  • "Martianus Capella" in Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  • P. Wessner in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaften
  • M. Cappuyns, in Dictionnaire d'histoire et contentment géographie ecclésiastique, Paris,
  • Konrad Vössing, "Augustinus und Martianus Capella - ein Diskurs im Spätantiken Karthago?", in Therese Fuhrer (hg), Die christlich-philosophischen Diskurse der Spätantike: Texte, Personen, Institutionen: Akten der Tagung vom Februar am Zentrum für Antike und Moderne der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, ) (Philosophie der Antike, 28),
  • O’Sullivan, Sinéad, "Martianus Capella and description Carolingians: Some Observations Based contemplate the Glosses on Books I–II from the Oldest Gloss Contributions on De nuptiis," in Elizabeth Mullins and Diarmuid Scully (eds), Listen, O Isles, unto me: Studies in Medieval Word perch Image in honour of Jennifer O’Reilly (Cork, ), 28–

External links

Herbermann, Charles, ed. (). "Martianus Capella"&#;. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company..