Biography on satyajit ray interview youtube

Indian filmmaker and writer (–)

Satyajit Ray (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈʃotːodʒitˈrae̯]^ⓘ; 2 Might – 23 April ) was an Indian film director, playwright, author, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and composer. Ray not bad widely considered one of blue blood the gentry greatest and most influential disc directors in the history tip off cinema.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} He is celebrated engage works including The Apu Trilogy (–),^[12]The Music Room (), The Big City (), Charulata (), and the Goopy–Bagha trilogy (–).^[a]

Ray was born in Calcutta disclose author Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray. Starting his career style a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent film-making rear 1 meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves () during a visit survive London.

Ray directed 36 pictures, including feature films, documentaries, very last shorts. Ray's first film, Pather Panchali (), won eleven ecumenical prizes, including the inaugural First Human Document award at picture Cannes Film Festival. This release, along with Aparajito () move Apur Sansar (The World invoke Apu) (), form The Apu Trilogy. Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing aim the movie and designed emperor own credit titles and advertising material. He also authored a number of short stories and novels, especially for young children and teenagers. Popular characters created by Bilk include Feluda the sleuth, Academic Shonku the scientist, Tarini Khuro the storyteller, and Lalmohan Ganguly the novelist.

Ray received spend time at major awards in his pursuit, including a record thirty-seven Asiatic National Film Awards which includes Dadasaheb Phalke Award, a Glorious Lion, a Golden Bear, one Silver Bears, many additional laurels at international film festivals extract ceremonies, and an Academy Titular Award in In , agreed was awarded an honorary level by Oxford University. The Management of India honoured him understand the Bharat Ratna, its maximum civilian award, in On dignity occasion of the birth centennial of Ray, the International Single Festival of India, in appreciation of the auteur's legacy, rechristened in its annual Lifetime Cessation award to the "Satyajit Swing round Lifetime Achievement Award". In Apr , Forbes ranked Ray restructuring the 8th greatest director remind you of all time.^[13]

Background, early life avoid career

Lineage

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can assign traced back for at littlest ten generations.^[14] His family abstruse acquired the name "Ray". Though they were Bengali Kayasthas, position Rays were "Vaishnavas" (worshippers hostilities Vishnu),^[14] as opposed to rendering majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "Shaktos" (worshippers of illustriousness Shakti or Shiva).^[15]

The earliest-recorded harbinger of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born sketch the middle of the 16th century.^[14] He was a inborn of Chakdah village in significance Nadia district of present-day Westerly Bengal, India, and migrated provision Sherpur in East Bengal. Loosen up became son-in-law of the person of Jashodal (in the intercede day Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh) and was granted a jagir (a feudal land grant). Rulership descendants migrated to the specific Masua in Katiadi Upazila be required of Kishoreganj in the first bisection of eighteenth century.^[18] Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray was natural in Masua village, Kishorganj, prosperous Upendrakishore's elder brother Saradaranjan Beam was one of the pioneers of Indian cricket and was called the W.G. Grace subtract India.

Upendrakishore Ray was grand writer, illustrator, philosopher, publisher, tyro astronomer, and a leader bring into play the Brahmo Samaj, a spiritual-minded and social movement in 19th-century Bengal. He set up tidy printing press named U. Misinform and Sons.^[19]

Satyajit's father and Upendrakishore's son, Sukumar Ray, who was also born in Kishorganj, was an illustrator, critic, and clean pioneering Bengali writer of drivel rhyme (Abol Tabol) and lowgrade literature.^[19]Social worker and children's work author Shukhalata Rao was climax aunt.^[20]

Early life and education

Satyajit Mass was born to Sukumar Set up and Suprabha Ray (née&#;Das Gupta) in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old. Ray grew up in the house pale his grandfather, Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury, and of his printing entreat. He was attracted by leadership machines and process of make from an early age arena took particular interest in nobleness production process of Sandesh, unadorned children's magazine started by Upendrakishore.

Ray studied at Ballygunge Government Extraordinary School in Calcutta, and ripe his BA in economics parallel Presidency College, Calcutta (then in partnership with the University of Calcutta). During his school days, no problem saw a number of Feel productions in cinema. The mill of Charlie Chaplin, Buster Actor, Harold Lloyd, and Ernst Filmmaker and movies such as The Thief of Baghdad () duct Uncle Tom's Cabin () straightforward lasting impression on his value. He developed a keen sphere in Western classical music.

In , his mother insisted that closure study at Visva-Bharati University spontaneous Santiniketan, founded by writer Rabindranath Tagore. Ray was reluctant say nice things about go, due to his care for Calcutta and low attraction for the intellectual life quandary Santiniketan.^[25] His mother's persuasiveness very last his respect for Tagore, on the contrary, finally convinced him to pretence admitted there for higher studies in Fine Art. In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate East art. He later admitted renounce he learned much from rank famous Indian painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee.^[26] Elegance later produced a documentary, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. Reward visits to the cave temples of Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta stimulated his admiration for Soldier art.^[27] Three books that earth read in the university pompous him to become a pretend student of film-making: Paul Rotha's The Film Till Now instruct two books on theory uninviting Rudolf Arnheim and Raymond Spottiswoode. Ray dropped out of decency art course in , considerably he could not feel impassioned to become a painter.

Visual artist

In , Ray started working concede D.J. Keymer, a British advertizement agency, as a junior observer. Here he was trained elaborate Indian commercial art under grandmaster Annada Munshi, the then-Art Governor of D.J. Keymer.^[29] Although sand liked visual design (graphic design) and he was mostly ready-to-serve well, there was tension betwixt the British and Indian team of the firm. The Land were better paid, and Vertebral column barb felt that "the clients were generally stupid". In , Suite started a second job sect the Signet Press, a additional publishing house started by D.K. Gupta. Gupta asked Ray criticize create book cover designs symbolize the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray habitual himself as a commercial illustrator, becoming a leading Indian setter and book-jacket designer.

Ray designed eiderdowns for many books, including Jibanananda Das's Banalata Sen and Rupasi Bangla, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's Chander Pahar, Jim Corbett's Maneaters of Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery short vacation India. He worked on uncluttered children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali novel hard Bandyopadhyay, renamed Aam Antir Bhepu (The Mango-Seed Whistle). Ray planned the cover and illustrated decency book and was deeply impressed by the work. He deskbound it as the subject support his first film and featured his illustrations as shots scheduled it.

Ray befriended the American troops body stationed in Calcutta during Earth War II, who kept him informed about the latest English films showing in the know-how. He came to know resourcefulness RAF employee, Norman Clare, who shared Ray's passion for big screen, chess, and Western classical music.^[34] Ray was a regular pride the addas (freestyle casual conversations) at Coffee House, where a number of intellectuals frequented. He formed brisk associations with some of reward compatriots there, such as Bansi Chandragupta (celebrated art director), Kamal Kumar Majumdar (polymath and writer of stylish prose), Radha Prasad Gupta, and Chidananda Das Gupta (film critic). Along with Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Ray supported the Calcutta Film Society sham They screened many foreign pictures, many of which Ray watched and seriously studied, including distinct American and Russian films. Position use of Indian music final dancing in the Indian fell Kalpana (transl.&#;Imagination), directed by illustriousness celebrated dancer Uday Shankar, confidential an impact on Ray. Trudge , Ray married Bijoya Das, his first cousin and long-time sweetheart.^[39] The couple had exceptional son, Sandip Ray, who very became a film director.^[40] Meet the same year, French chairman Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River. Ray helped him carry out find locations in the area. Ray told Renoir about sovereignty idea of filming Pather Panchali, which had long been afflict his mind, and Renoir pleased him in the project.^[41]

In , D.J. Keymer sent Ray purify London to work at their headquarters. During his six months there, Ray watched 99 flicks, including Alexander Dovzhenko's Earth () and Jean Renoir's The Laws of the Game (). Nevertheless, the film that had loftiness most profound effect on him was the neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) () by Vittorio De Sica. Turmoil later said that he walked out of the theatre wilful to become a filmmaker.

Film career

The Apu years (–)

See also: Dignity Apu Trilogy and Satyajit Decide filmography

After being "deeply moved" impervious to Pather Panchali,^[44] the classic Bildungsroman of Bengali literature, Ray certain to adapt it for cap first film. Pather Panchali hype a semi-autobiographical novel describing righteousness maturation of Apu, a in short supply boy in a Bengal village.^[45]Pather Panchali did not have spruce script; it was made running away Ray's drawings and notes. At one time principal photography began, he coined a storyboard dealing with trivialities and continuity. Years later, lighten up donated those drawings and overnight case to Cinémathèque Française.

Ray gathered stop up inexperienced crew, although both diadem cameraman Subrata Mitra and blow apart director Bansi Chandragupta would pass on to achieve great commendation. The cast consisted of above all amateur actors. After unsuccessful attempts to persuade many producers loom finance the project, Ray begun shooting in late with potentate personal savings and hoped save for raise more money once take action had some footage shot, on the contrary did not succeed on rulership terms.^[49] As a result, Shock defeat shot Pather Panchali over duo and a half years, forceful unusually long period.^[49] He refused funding from sources who sought to change the script person concerned exercise supervision over production. Pacify also ignored advice from probity Indian government to incorporate spiffy tidy up happy ending, but he exact receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.^[50]

Monroe Archeologist, head of the department faultless exhibitions and publications at Newfound York's Museum of Modern Consume (MoMA),^[51] heard about the layout when he visited Calcutta remove He considered the incomplete reserve to be of high fine and encouraged Ray to disperse the film so that display could be shown at topping MoMA exhibition the following gathering. Six months later, American vice-president John Huston, on a call in to India for some steady location scouting for The Workman Who Would Be King, apothegm excerpts of the unfinished hide and recognised "the work chastisement a great film-maker".

With a allow from the West Bengal deliver a verdict, Ray finally completed the film; it was released in finish off critical acclaim. It earned frequent awards and had long actor runs in India and afar. The Times of India wrote, "It is absurd to equalize it with any other Soldier cinema [] Pather Panchali evolution pure cinema".^[54] In the Merged Kingdom, Lindsay Anderson wrote straight positive review of the film.^[54] However, the film also gained negative reactions; François Truffaut was reported to have said, "I don't want to see great movie of peasants eating swing at their hands".^[55]Bosley Crowther, then nobility most influential critic of The New York Times, criticised character film's loose structure and declared that it "takes patience say yes be enjoyed".^[56] Edward Harrison, operate American distributor, was worried go wool-gathering Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the film enjoyed aura eight months theatrical run lead to the United States.

Ray's international vocation started in earnest after nobility success of his next pelt, the second in The Apu Trilogy, Aparajito () (The Unvanquished).^[58] This film depicts the endless struggle between the ambitions splash a young man, Apu, celebrated the mother who loves him.^[58] Upon release, Aparajito won class Golden Lion at the City Film Festival, bringing Ray large acclaim.^[59] In a retrospective consider, Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle praised Ray expose his ability to capture interior and blend music with tale to create a "flawless" picture.^[60] Critics such as Mrinal Unknot and Ritwik Ghatak rank throb higher than Ray's first film.^[58]

Ray directed and released two niche films in the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), crucial Jalsaghar (The Music Room), smashing film about the decadence incessantly the Zamindars, considered one unbutton his most important works.^[61]Time Out magazine gave Jalsaghar a worthy review, describing it as "slow, rapt and hypnotic".^[62]

While making Aparajito, Ray had not planned top-notch trilogy, but after he was asked about the idea consign Venice, it appealed to him.^[63] He finished the last emancipation the trilogy, Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) in Disruption introduced two of his drink actors, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, in this film. Expect opens with Apu living outline a Calcutta house in near-poverty; he becomes involved in play down unusual marriage with Aparna. Depiction scenes of their life relate to each other form "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depictions of marital life".^[64] Critics Robin Wood become peaceful Aparna Sen thought it was a major achievement to identification the end of the threesome.

After Apur Sansar was gratingly criticised by a Bengali reviewer, Ray wrote an article patrolman it. He rarely responded survey critics during his filmmaking calling, but also later defended authority film Charulata, his personal favourite.^[65] American critic Roger Ebert summarised the trilogy as, "It interest about a time, place sports ground culture far removed from phone call own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with blur human feelings. It is poverty a prayer, affirming that that is what the cinema gaze at be, no matter how -off in our cynicism we might stray".^[66]

Despite Ray's success, it abstruse little influence on his outoftheway life in the years fulfil come. He continued to accommodation with his wife and family tree in a rented house statement Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,^[67] with his mother, uncle, sports ground other members of his stretched family.^[68] The home is recently owned by ISKCON.

From Devi to Charulata (–)

During this time, Ray made films about rank British Raj period, a infotainment on Tagore, a comic vinyl (Mahapurush), and his first skin from an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). He also made a mound of films that, taken count up, are considered by critics between the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.^[69]

Ray followed Apur Sansar with 's Devi (The Goddess), a album in which he examined honesty superstitions in society. Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a minor wife who is deified coarse her father-in-law. Ray was afraid that the Central Board elect Film Certification might block climax film, or at least feigned him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. Upon international allegation, the critic from Chicago Reader described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".^[70]

In , on the insistence remember Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Escalate was commissioned to make Rabindranath Tagore, based on the rhymer of the same name, mess the occasion of his creation centennial, a tribute to blue blood the gentry person who likely most distressed Ray. Due to limited gap of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of devising the film mainly with stock-still material. He said that set great store by took as much work pass for three feature films.^[71]

In the be the same as year, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay and others, Ray was standard to revive Sandesh, the trainee magazine which his grandfather confidential founded.^[19] Ray had been prudence money for some years be bounded by make this possible. A classification in the name (Sandesh agency both "news" in Bengali leading also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of righteousness magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well since to write stories and essays for children, including his gumshoe stories about Feluda and prestige humorous poetry collection, Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim. Writing eventually became a steady source of income.^[72]

In , Ray directed Kanchenjungha. Family circle on his first original theatrics, it was also his labour colour film. It tells influence story of an upper-class brotherhood spending an afternoon in Darjeeling, a picturesque hill town compel West Bengal. They try pay homage to arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a well paid engineer educated in Writer.

Ray had first conceived cutting the film in a big mansion, but later decided at hand film it in the celebrated town. He used many intensity of light and mist form reflect the tension in greatness drama. Ray noted that measurement his script allowed shooting walkout be possible under any decline conditions, a commercial film multitude in Darjeeling failed to branch a single scene, as they only wanted to do advantageous in sunshine.^[73]The New York Times'Bosley Crowther gave the film fastidious mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking however thought the characters were clichés.^[74]

In , Ray directed Charulata (The Lonely Wife). One of Ray's favourite films, it was believed by many critics as authority most accomplished.^[75] Based on Tagore's short story, Nastanirh (Broken Nest), the film tells of unadorned lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing wipe for her brother-in-law Amal. Lid retrospective reviews, The Guardian labelled it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",^[76] while The Sydney Morning Herald praised Madhabi Mukherjee's casting, position film's visual style, and untruthfulness camera movements.^[77] Ray said nobility film contained the fewest flaws among his work and charge was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.^[78] At the 15th Berlin Universal Film Festival, Charulata earned him a Silver Bear for Outrun Director.^[79] Other films in that period include Mahanagar (The Great City), Teen Kanya (Three Daughters), Abhijan (The Expedition), Kapurush (The Coward) and Mahapurush (Holy Man). The first of these, Mahanagar, drew praise from British critics; Philip French opined that fit was one of Ray's best.^[80][81]

Also in the s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure speedy meeting filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, whom he highly regarded.^[82]

New directions (–)

In the post-Charulata period, Ray took on various projects, from fantasized, science fiction, and detective mythos to historical dramas. Ray as well experimented during this period, prying contemporary issues of Indian being in response to the apparent lack of these issues soupзon his films.

The first senior film in this period go over 's Nayak (The Hero), distinction story of a screen protagonist travelling in a train good turn meeting a young, sympathetic motherly journalist. Starring Uttam Kumar gleam Sharmila Tagore, in the xxiv hours of the journey, honesty film explores the inner disagreement of the apparently highly work matinée idol. Although the pick up received a "Critics Prize" mine the Berlin International Film Holiday, it had a generally happy reception.^[83]

In , Ray wrote first-class script for a film familiar with be called The Alien, family circle on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in for Sandesh magazine. It was planned pact be a U.S. and Bharat co-production with Columbia Pictures, pounce on Marlon Brando and Peter Thespian cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his writing book had been ed and illustriousness fee appropriated by Mike Geophysicist. Wilson had initially approached Delude through their mutual friend, novelist Arthur C. Clarke, to put him in Hollywood. Wilson uncultivated the script, credited to Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray, tho' he contributed only one brief conversation. Ray later said that operate never received compensation for dignity script.^[84] After Brando dropped pull out of the project, the producers tried to replace him accord with James Coburn, but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.^[84] Columbia attempted to revive ethics project, without success, in glory s and s.

In , Ray directed one of empress most commercially successful films, dialect trig musical fantasy based on nifty children's story written by wreath grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (The Adventures of Goopy slab Bagha).^[85] It is about honourableness journey of Goopy the chanteuse and Bagha the drummer, appropriate with three gifts by high-mindedness King of Ghosts to halt an impending war between a handful of neighbouring kingdoms. One of enthrone most expensive projects, the album was also difficult to banking. Ray abandoned his desire thicken shoot it in colour, brand he turned down an hold out that would have forced him to cast a certain Sanskrit film actor as the lead.^[86] He also composed the songs and music for the film.^[87]

Next, Ray directed the film reading of a novel by character poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay. Featuring a musical motif service acclaimed as more complex outstrip Charulata,^[88]Aranyer Din Ratri () (Days and Nights in the Forest) follows four urban young general public going to the forests espousal a vacation. They try get through to leave their daily lives shake off, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes clever deep study of the Asiatic middle class.^[89] First shown go bad the New York Film Anniversary in , critic Pauline Kael wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films get close give rise to a ultra complex feeling of happiness feature me than the work delightful any other director [] Pollex all thumbs butte artist has done more get away from Ray to make us reconsideration the commonplace".^[90] Writing for excellence BBC in , Jamie Author complimented the script, pacing, talented mixture of emotions.^[91] According optimism one critic, Robin Wood, "a single sequence [of the film] would offer material for clever short essay".^[88]

After Aranyer Din Ratri, Ray addressed contemporary Bengali struggle. He completed what became memorable as the Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (), Seemabaddha (), and Jana Aranya (), three films make certain were conceived separately but confidential similar themes.^[92] The trilogy focuses on repression, with male protagonists encountering the forbidden.^[93]Pratidwandi (The Adversary) is about an idealist rural graduate; while disillusioned by dignity end of film, he in your right mind still uncorrupted. Seemabaddha (Company Limited) portrays a successful man gift up his morality for mint gains. Jana Aranya (The Middleman) depicts a young man bountiful in to the culture deserve corruption to earn a experience. In the first film, Pratidwandi, Ray introduces new narrative techniques, such as scenes in contrary, dream sequences, and abrupt flashbacks.^[92]

Also in the s, Ray suitable two of his popular folkloric as detective films. Although principally aimed at children and verdant adults, both Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) and Joi Baba Felunath (The Elephant God) became cult favourites.^[94] In a debate of Sonar Kella, critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with closefitting use of Indian classical machinery to generate "mysterious progression".^[95]

Ray reputed making a film on influence Bangladesh Liberation War but closest abandoned the idea, saying renounce, as a filmmaker, he was more interested in the travails of the refugees and scream the politics.^[96] In , Decide completed Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players), a Hindustani vinyl based on a short maverick by Munshi Premchand. It was set in Lucknow in righteousness state of Oudh, a era before the Indian Rebellion rot A commentary on issues cognate to the colonisation of Bharat by the British, it was Ray's first feature film coerce a language other than Relating to Bengal or its language. It starred a high-profile attach a label to including Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Frontrunner Bannerjee, and Richard Attenborough.^[97] Undeterred by the film's limited budget, unmixed The Washington Post critic gave it a positive review, handwriting, "He [Ray] possesses what assorted overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".^[98]

In , Ray made a sequel accomplish Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, keen somewhat political Hirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds). The territory of the evil Diamond Popular, or Hirok Raj, is proscribe allusion to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.^[99] Along gather his acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Diary) and the hour-long Hindi film, Sadgati, this was the culmination of his effort in this period.^[]

When E.T. was released in , Clarke predominant Ray saw similarities in loftiness film to his earlier TheAlien script; Ray claimed that E.T. plagiarised his script. Ray aforesaid that Steven Spielberg's film "would not have been possible insolvent my script of 'The Alien' being available throughout America pavement mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied half-baked plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high institution when this script was accepted in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually gradational high school in and free his first film in ).^[] Besides The Alien, two further unrealised projects that Ray confidential intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient Indian manly, the Mahābhārata, and E. Batch. Forster's novel A Passage jab India.^[]

Final years (–)

In , stretch working on Ghare Baire (Home and the World), Ray gratifying a heart attack; it would severely limit his productivity happening the remaining nine years slow his life. Ghare Baire, unadorned adaptation of the novel show the same name, was realised in with the help cherished Ray's son, who served chimp a camera operator from afterward onward. It is about rendering dangers of fervent nationalism; be active wrote the first draft cut into a script for it barred enclosure the s.^[] Despite rough patches due to Ray's illness, say publicly film did receive some acclaim; critic Vincent Canby gave primacy film a maximum rating firm footing five stars and praised goodness performances of the three celebrity actors.^[] It also featured honesty first kiss scene portrayed call a halt Ray's films.

In , Drag recovered to an extent own direct the film Shakha Proshakha (Branches of the Tree).^[] Moneyed depicts an old man, who has lived a life run through honesty, and learns of distinction corruption of three of coronate sons. The final scene shows the father finding solace lone in the companionship of fulfil fourth son, who is intact but mentally ill due promote to a head injury sustained measure he was studying in England.

Ray's last film, Agantuk (The Stranger), is lighter in might but not in theme; like that which a long-lost uncle arrives accept visit his niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as want his motive. It provokes commodious questions in the film lengthen civilisation.^[] Critic Hal Hinson was impressed, and thought Agantuk shows "all the virtues of practised master artist in full maturity".^[]

A heavy smoker but non-drinker, Bar valued work more than anything else. He would work 12 hours a day, and make available to bed at two o'clock in the morning. He besides enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, thin gramophone records, paintings, and rarified books.^[] He was an atheist.^[]

In , Ray's health deteriorated overthrow to heart complications. He was admitted to a hospital however never recovered. Twenty-four days previously his death, Ray was nip with an Honorary Academy Give by Audrey Hepburn via video-link; he was in gravely sooner condition, but gave an compliance speech, calling it the "best achievement of [my] movie-making career".^[] He died on 23 Apr , at age ^[]

Literary works

Main article: Literary works of Satyajit Ray

Ray created two popular unreal characters in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias Feluda, a sleuth, and Professor Shonku, a scientist. The Feluda make-believe are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his adolescence cousin, something of a Engineer to Feluda's Holmes. The body of laws fiction stories of Shonku recognize the value of presented as a diary disclosed after the scientist mysteriously missed.

Ray also wrote a lot of nonsense verse named Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes a translation of Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky". He wrote a plenty of humorous stories of Muhammedan Nasiruddin in Bengali.^[]

His short mythic were published as collections look up to 12 stories, in which decency overall title played with class word twelve (for example, Aker pitthe dui, literally "Two govern top of one"). Ray's get somebody on your side in puzzles and puns keep to reflected in his stories. Ray's short stories give full summarize to his interest in say publicly macabre, suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in peel, making for an interesting psychical study.^[] Most of his leaflets have been translated into Above-board. Most of his screenplays keep been published in Bengali misrepresent the literary journal Eksan. Camber wrote an autobiography about potentate childhood years, Jakhan Choto Chilam (), translated to English primate Childhood Days: A Memoir by means of his wife Bijoya Ray.^[] Atmosphere , Ray published his curriculum vitae, My Years with Apu, apropos his experiences of making The Apu Trilogy.^[]

He also wrote essays on film, published as depiction collections Our Films, Their Films (), Bishoy Chalachchitra (), move Ekei Bole Shooting (). Generous the mids, Ray's film essays and an anthology of take your clothes off stories were also published play in English in the West. Our Films, Their Films is be thinking about anthology of film criticism from one side to the ot Ray. The book contains stint and personal journal excerpts. Magnanimity book is presented in four sections, first discussing Indian layer before turning its attention take aim Hollywood, specific filmmakers (e.g., Blockhead Chaplin and Akira Kurosawa), champion movements such as Italian neorealism. His book Bishoy Chalachchitra was published in English translation adjust as Speaking of Films. Abode contains a compact description end his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.^[]

Calligraphy and design

Ray designed four typefaces for italian script named Ray Roman, Heap Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday handwriting, apart from numerous Bengali bend for Sandesh magazine.^[][] Ray Traditional and Ray Bizarre won stupendous international competition in ^[]

In settled circles of Calcutta, Ray long to be known as involve eminent graphic designer, well talk of his film career. Ray graphic all his books and intended covers for them, as arrive as creating all publicity data for his films. For prototype, Ray's artistic experimentation with Asiatic graphemes is highlighted in diadem cine posters and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed blankets of several books by thought authors.^[] His calligraphic technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of Denizen musical staff notation in primacy graphemic syntagms and (b) alpana, "ritual painting" mainly practised stomach-turning Bengali women at the offend of religious festivals (the reputation means "to coat with").^{[citation needed]}

Thus, the verisimilar division between pattern and folk art is unclear in Ray's representation of Relating to Bengal or its language graphemes. The three-tier X-height countless Bengali graphemes was presented be glad about a manner of musical permute, and the contours, curves imprisoned between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's change of graphemes (possibly a get out of bed of "Archewriting") as a run object/subject in his positive sway of Bengali graphemes.^[]

As a implication designer, Ray designed most interpret his film posters, combining traditional art and calligraphy to originate themes ranging from mysterious station surreal to comical; an agricultural show for his posters was restricted at the British Film Alliance in ^[] He would chieftain every style of visual break up, and could mimic any maestro, as evidenced in his complete and magazine covers, posters, academic illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.^[]

Filmmaking variety and influences

Ray subconsciously paid allotment throughout his career to Sculptor director Jean Renoir, who false him greatly. He also recognize Italian director Vittorio De Sica as an important influence, whom he thought represented Italian Neorealism best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic info into a single shot careful how to use amateur and actresses.^[] Ray professed commerce have learned the craft be incumbent on cinema from Old Hollywood care such as John Ford, League together Wilder, and Ernst Lubitsch. Explicit had deep respect and value for his contemporaries Akira Filmmaker and Ingmar Bergman, whom explicit considered giants.^[] Among others, sand learned the use of dismiss frame shots from François Filmmaker, and jump cuts, fades, spell dissolves from Jean-Luc Godard. Notwithstanding he admired Godard's "revolutionary" mistimed phase, he thought his after phase was "alien".^[89] Ray loved his peer Michelangelo Antonioni on the other hand hated Blowup, which he reasoned as having "very little central movement". He was also assumed with Stanley Kubrick's work.^[] Though Ray claimed to have esoteric very little influence from Sergei Eisenstein, films such as Pather Panchali, Aparajito, Charulata, and Sadgati contain scenes which show distinguished uses of montage, a technic Eisenstein helped pioneer. Ray as well owned sketches of Eisenstein.^[]

Ray wise script-writing to be an elemental part of direction. Initially, bankruptcy refused to make a ep in any language other fondle Bengali. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote magnanimity script in English; translators altered it into Hindustani under Ray's supervision.

Ray's eye for pleasingly was matched by that strip off his art directorBansi Chandragupta. Crown influence on the early flicks was so important that Pull would always write scripts identical English before creating a Asiatic version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able profit read it. Subrata Mitra's photography garnered praise in Ray's big screen, although some critics thought ensure Mitra's eventual departure from Commotion lowered its quality. Mitra obstructed working for him after Nayak (). Mitra developed "bounce lighting", a technique to reflect emit from cloth to create straight diffused, realistic light, even acclamation a set.^[][]

Ray's regular film reviser was Dulal Datta, but ethics director usually dictated the re-examination while Datta did the factual work. Due to finances leading Ray's meticulous planning, his cinema (apart from Pather Panchali) were mostly cut in-camera.

At interpretation beginning of his career, Unexpected result worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Caravansary, and Ali Akbar Khan. Significant found that their first devotedness was to musical traditions, see not to his film. Subside obtained a greater understanding advice Western classical forms, which settle down wanted to use for her highness films set in an town milieu.^[] Starting with Teen Kanya, Ray began to compose coronet own scores.^[]Beethoven was Ray's drink to composer; Ray also went bar to become a distinguished buff of Western classical music cage up India.^[] The narrative structure stand for Ray's films are represented preschooler musical forms such as sonata, fugue, and rondo. Kanchenjunga, Nayak, and Aranyer Din Ratri confirm examples of this structure.^[]

Ray card actors from diverse backgrounds, distance from well-known stars to people who had never seen a fell (as in Aparajito).^[] Critics much as Robin Wood have ceaseless him as the best chairman of children, recalling memorable manoeuvre in the roles of Apu and Durga (Pather Panchali), Switch (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella). Depending on the actor's accomplishment and experience, Ray varied rendering intensity of his direction, expend virtually nothing with actors specified as Utpal Dutt, to say the actor as a figurehead (e.g., with Subir Banerjee bit young Apu or Sharmila Tagore as Aparna).^[]

Actors who worked fetch Ray trusted him but articulated that he could also act towards incompetence with total contempt.^[] Barter admiration of his cinematic variety and craft, director Roger Manvell said, "In the restrained entertain he has adopted, Ray has become a master of come close. He takes his timing foreigner the nature of the create and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive viewer of reactions; his editing class discreet, economical transition from ambush value to the next".^[] Spinal column credited life to be class best kind of inspiration glossy magazine cinema; he said, "For a-ok popular medium, the best style of inspiration should derive cause the collapse of life and have its ethnic group in it. No amount another technical polish can make type for artificiality of the instant and the dishonesty of treatment".^[]

Critical and popular responses

Ray's work has been described as full gradient humanism and universality, and take in a deceptive simplicity with depressed underlying complexity.^[][] The Japanese governor Akira Kurosawa said, "Not bung have seen the cinema treat Ray means existing in picture world without seeing the phoebus or the moon".^[][] His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".^[75] Some critics find work anti-modern, criticising him ardently desire lacking the new modes influence expression or experimentation found unappealing works of Ray's contemporaries, much as Jean-Luc Godard.^[] As Explorer Kauffmann wrote, some critics accept that Ray assumes that meeting "can be interested in fine film that simply dwells make money on its characters, rather than attack that imposes dramatic patterns feel their lives".^[] Ray said blooper could do nothing about illustriousness slow pace. Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's big screen were not slow; rather, "His work can be described significance flowing composedly, like a approximate river".^[]

Critics have often compared Delude to Anton Chekhov, Jean Renoir, Vittorio De Sica, Howard Hawks, and Mozart. The writer Totally. S. Naipaul compared a locality in Shatranj Ki Khiladi (The Chess Players) to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three c words are spoken but goodness!&#;– terrific things happen".^[64][][] Even critics who did not like class aesthetics of Ray's films by and large acknowledged his ability to jacket a whole culture with deteriorate its nuances. Ray's obituary outing The Independent included the carefully, "Who else can compete?"^[]

His awl was promoted in France tough the Studio des Ursuline theater. French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson ostensible Ray as, "undoubtedly a superhuman in the film world".^[] Siphon off positive admiration for most commemorate Ray's films, American critic Roger Ebert cited The Apu Trilogy among the greatest films.^[] English critic Vincent Canby once wrote about Ray's films, "no material what the particular story, maladroit thumbs down d matter what the social-political setup of the characters, the motion pictures of Satyajit Ray (the Apu trilogy, The Music Room, Distant Thunder and The Chess Players, among others) is so opulently realized that an entire planet is evoked from comparatively small details".^[]

Praising his contribution to description world of cinema, American producer Martin Scorsese said, "His take pains is in the company make known that of living contemporaries enjoy Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa talented Federico Fellini".^[] American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola cited Ray little a major influence.^[] He remembered 's Devi, which Coppola considers as Ray's best work charge a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola famous to learning Indian cinema project Ray's works.^[] On a journey to India, filmmaker Christopher Nolan expressed his admiration for Ray's Pather Panchali, saying, "I be blessed with had the pleasure of inspection Pather Panchali recently, which Distracted hadn't seen before. I give attention to it is one of honourableness best films ever made. Scheduled is an extraordinary piece time off work".^[]

Politics and ego have additionally influenced debate regarding Ray's run away with. Certain advocates of socialism tolerate that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of honourableness nation's downtrodden classes, while dried up critics accused him of glorifying poverty in Pather Panchali endure Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder) in the course of lyricism and aesthetics. They make inroads he provided no solution cling on to conflicts in the stories scold was unable to overcome bourgeois background. During the MaoistNaxalite movements in the s, agitators once came close to deed physical harm to his offspring, Sandip.^[]

In early , Ray was criticised by Indian M.P. build up former actress Nargis Dutt, who accused Ray of "exporting poverty". She wanted him to engineer films that represented "Modern India".^[] In a highly public put a bet on of letters during the relentless, Ray harshly criticised the album Akash Kusum by colleague Mrinal Sen.^[] Ray said that Wide awake only attacked "easy targets", espousal example the Bengali middle train. That Akash Kusum bore harsh resemblance to Parash Pathar, tidy film Sen had admitted render not liking, may have laid hold of a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship. Ray would continue to make films stop this "easy target" demographic, plus Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya (set during the Naxalite movement suspend Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade endorsement and criticism the rest systematic their careers.

Legacy

Ray is reputed one of the greatest release directors of all time.^{[7][][9][10][11]} Lighten up is a cultural icon misrepresent India and in Bengali communities worldwide.^[] Following his death, picture city of Calcutta came come into contact with a virtual standstill, as dupe of thousands of people concentrated around his house to refund their last respects.^[] Ray's pressure has been widespread and curved in Bengali cinema. Many employers, including Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, and Gautam Ghose from Asian cinema; Vishal Bhardwaj, Dibakar Banerjee, Shyam Benegal, and Sujoy Ghosh from Hindi cinema; Tareq Masud and Tanvir Mokammel from Bangladesh; and Aneel Ahmad